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Posts by Jirka Hanika‭

82 posts
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Q&A What underlying principle is at play for how objective or subjective a natural language instruction is?

The question alludes to at least three correlated, but quite distinct dimensions. Objectivity/subjectivity Room for model's creativity (information theoretical) Crispness of the boundary betwe...

posted 10mo ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A Has there ever been a situation of perfect bilingualism, without falling in diglossia?

The term "multiligualism" is generally used to characterize the linguistic capabilities of a single speaker. If the person uses exactly two (or at least two) languages, they are bilinguial even if...

posted 1y ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A How to refer to a whole family in Icelandic?

In Icelandic, you are, I suppose, more likely to refer to a single person and their family, than to the family without naming any single person as well. Random example from the web: "Fjölskylda Ei...

posted 1y ago by Jirka Hanika‭  ·  edited 1y ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A How did “negotiable” mean “a good or security whose ownership is easily transferable”?

I'll address the etymology of "negotiable" (noun), which is a shorthand for "negotiable instrument of payment", where "negotiable" is a deverbal adjective from the transitive sense of the verb "neg...

posted 3y ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A When would a sentence consist of "terdiri" with "atas" or "dari"?

The same thing can be expressed in any given language in many ways. You have not provided any source for the claim that "Kecamatan ini terdiri atas sepuluh desa." would be using the wrong word. T...

posted 2y ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A scilicet: How did 'it is permitted to know' semantically shift to signify 'that is to say, namely'?

Your hesitation to accept the interpretation on Etymonline as is may be well founded. Some scholars (e.g., Hahn) consider the idea that the first component is from the infinitive ("scire") unsubst...

posted 3y ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A Why ‘going’, in “going concern”?

No source is given for the quote in the OP. It's not an authoritative definition of the term (nor I aim to provide one here). To properly understand that quote anyway, focus on the term "viable",...

posted 4mo ago by Jirka Hanika‭  ·  edited 3mo ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A Effectiveness of input-only learning

This question touches on many topics, and this answer doesn't hope to be comprehensive. Research on language didactics generally focusses on institutional settings (with an instructor), or, at the...

posted 1y ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A Plural agreement with a syntactically singular subject

In your example, "lot", bunch", "amount", are collective nouns. There are many collective nouns that aren't quantifiers. For example: "Microsoft have never said they have extended the free period...

posted 2y ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A What does Etymonline mean by 'to raise (someone) out of trouble'?

You are right, "raise (someone) out of trouble" is not a common English idiom. It is used to connect the English meaning (denotation and connotations) to the original Latin and/or Old French meani...

posted 2y ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A If assūmptiō = 'take up', then can ad- (prefix) = 'up'? But why, when super- = 'up'?

Indo-European spatial prepositions, when analyzed across all attested languages, are rich in beautiful, unexpected relationships[1]. You could think that the spatial relationships (above, below, b...

posted 2y ago by Jirka Hanika‭  ·  edited 2y ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A How can fulsome constitute "a case of ironic understatement"?

Any understatement could be unintentional, or it could be motivated by pragmatic reasons such as hesitation to bring up a controversial point. However, more often than not, blatant or ridiculously...

posted 2y ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A How did 'videlicet' (it's permissible to see) semantically shift 🢂 to signify 'to wit, namely'?

I think that this shift in meaning happened already as part of the process of borrowing from Latin. Look at the following example use of "videlicet". This is 16th century legal Latin as used in E...

posted 3y ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A How does saeculum ( “generation” or “lifetime") semantically relate to PIE root *se- "to sow"?

Wikipedia has a very nice article on what the term meant when "saeculum" was adopted into Latin from Etruscan, and Studies in Words has an extensive section on mundus/saeculum/ecclesia which explai...

posted 3y ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A What language is this (cursive) sample?

I will venture a guess that it is Haketia (also called Ladino Occidental) written in Solitreo ("Sephardic cursive"). That's a dialect of Ladino that had a strong local presence in Tangiers around ...

posted 3y ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A How did 'in-' + 'putare' compound to mean 'to attribute, credit to'?

Let's digress by looking at how the meaning of "computer" developed during the 20th century. A "computer" used to be a person, somebody doing computations; devices eventually took over the job. T...

posted 3y ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A How does the original meaning of “but” (“outside”) relate to its current 2021 meanings?

You seem to be inquiring primarily about present-day adverbial/prepositional meanings. (However, as your quoted resource mentions, the adverbial usage is actually older than the also mentioned con...

posted 3y ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A Is any theory according to which Yiddish is Turkic or Khazar-based supported by any serious evidence?

This question deserves a better answer than mine, as I am not familiar with Abraham Polak's work and whatever linguistic evidence he may have offered (if any). However, it is really difficult to i...

posted 3y ago by Jirka Hanika‭  ·  edited 3y ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A How did 'solicit' semantically shift to signify ‘manage affairs’?

You are trying to absorb too many centuries in the stride at once. I don't know what happened between Latin and Middle French, but by the time the (French noun) "soliciteur" got derived from the (...

posted 3y ago by Jirka Hanika‭  ·  last activity 3y ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A How did "join issue" mean ‘jointly submit a disputed matter to the decision of the court’?

The oldest occurrence of "join issue" I can find is from 1624, i.e., not medieval. In fact most records of legal proceedings by that time were still in Latin - so I am far from saying that the phr...

posted 3y ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A How did "put under" shift to signify "cause to take the place of", then "enough"?

I doubt that "sufficere" ever meant "put under"; I'll assume that this meaning was just suggested as a crude literal translation rather than attested as real Latin usage. The same Indo-European mo...

posted 3y ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A How did 'quibus?' shift to mean 'evasion of a point at issue'?

Skeat's Etymological Dictionary offers a competing theory which I find more persuasive: "quib", in the sense of a taunt or mock, could be a phonological weakening of "quip" (or "quippy"), still in ...

posted 3y ago by Jirka Hanika‭  ·  edited 3y ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A Why are service or maintenance contracts called 'warranties', when they aren't Legal Warranties?

The term "warranty", in its common law meaning, is a contractual term whose breach does not automatically entitle the innocent party to terminate the entire contract. A special case of a contract ...

posted 3y ago by Jirka Hanika‭  ·  edited 3y ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Q&A Should we use "por que" or "porque" in "las autoridades se sentían estafadas *por que* se escaparan"?

I think that you just read the sentence with a subtly different meaning than the one intended by the author. Both spellings are correct. Syntactically, you expect the subordinate clause to be gov...

posted 4y ago by Jirka Hanika‭

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Meta Split off Linguistics into a site category?

This is one of four (or more) alternative answers. (I am posting the alternatives separately and simultaneously to allow separate voting and commenting. They represent elaborations of potential c...

posted 4y ago by Jirka Hanika‭  ·  edited 4y ago by Moshi‭

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